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Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes people to feel excessively sleepy during the day. It affects fewer than 100 people per 100,000 and can be a serious health risk for those who have it. It can cause a number of other symptoms, including slurred speech, weakness, and memory loss.

People with narcolepsy often have brief episodes of falling asleep during the day, especially when they are performing monotonous tasks like eating or driving. These episodes may last a few minutes or up to a half hour. They can occur at any time of day and happen when they are not even thinking about sleeping. They usually feel refreshed after a short nap or a full night’s sleep but are easily sleepy again soon after.

During a narcolepsy episode, people can fall into a REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. This stage of sleep involves intense dreaming and a temporary muscle paralysis called atonia. During this stage, people can experience hallucinations that resemble some forms of epileptic seizure. These are most commonly visual but can involve other senses as well.

GPs can diagnose narcolepsy by asking about your sleeping habits and carrying out other tests. They may advise you to take naps at times of the day when you feel most sleepy and to try and avoid monotonous or stressful situations. They can also help you to adjust your daily routine and make lifestyle changes to minimise the impact of narcolepsy on your life.

Sleep apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition that causes you to stop breathing while asleep, which can disrupt your rest. In addition to causing daytime sleepiness, it can also increase your risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke.

This is caused by a collapse of the upper airway, which blocks your breathing. The obstruction is usually due to excess weight, but it can also be caused by medications or other health conditions such as hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome. People with obstructive sleep apnea may experience snoring and choking when they breathe, as well as restless, fragmented sleep.

Central sleep apnea can be asymptomatic, and people with this condition often don’t know that they have it. People with apnea have trouble sleeping, and they may wake up with a sore throat or dry mouth. They may also have memory problems and mood swings. They might be irritable, and they might have a hard time concentrating or paying attention at work or school.

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Shift work disorder

Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) is a common condition that affects 10% to 40% of people who work nontraditional shifts for their jobs. It causes difficulty falling or staying asleep, and it can lead to poor work performance. People who work night or early morning shifts are at greater risk for SWSD. Taking naps and following a sleep schedule, even on days off, can help prevent symptoms of SWSD. Avoiding caffeine is also a good idea, as it can disrupt your sleep cycle.

Your body's circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that sets your sleeping and waking times, based on the amount of light you get during the day. Shift work throws off this cycle, causing you to go to bed and wake up at times when your body isn't ready.

In addition to affecting your quality of life, SWSD can lead to drowsiness at work and a higher risk of accidents or mistakes on the job. This can be particularly dangerous for employees in high-risk jobs, such as firefighting, medical personnel, and law enforcement. Chronic drowsiness can also contribute to musculoskeletal problems. If you're experiencing drowsiness that interferes with your daily activities, speak with a healthcare provider about it. Your provider may recommend a change in your work or sleep routines, or a different type of treatment.

Circadian rhythm disorders

A circadian rhythm is the "internal body clock" that keeps many of your physiological functions in step with the 24-hour light/dark cycle. This includes sleep-wake cycles, hormone production and cell regrowth. When your circadian rhythm is out of sync with the outside world, it can cause sleep disturbances and affect your ability to function at work and school. These disruptions are known as circadian rhythm sleep disorders.

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder: People with this condition struggle to fall asleep at night and wake up early in the morning, making it difficult to function during the day. This is often a sign of an underlying medical issue, such as dementia or head injury. Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder: People with this condition fall asleep earlier than normal and wake up later than normal.

Jet lag disorder: People with this condition have difficulty adjusting to new sleep schedules when traveling across multiple time zones. This is common among people who frequently fly for business or pleasure.

Treatment options for circadian rhythm sleep disorders vary based on the disorder. They can include lifestyle changes, bright light therapy and melatonin supplements. These supplements are typically taken at specific times to help reorient your internal sleep-wake rhythm and improve entrainment.

Behavioral modifications can also improve sleep quality and decrease excessive daytime sleepiness. These include maintaining a regular sleep-wake schedule and avoiding taking naps during the day, avoiding caffeine and nicotine in the hours before bed, and practicing good sleep hygiene.